Transmission & Distribution - QB

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

        SUBJECT NAME: EE2303TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION ENGINEERING

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

PART-A

1. What is meant by power supply system?

2. What is meant by Transmission and Distribution system?

3. What are the different types of Power supply system?

4. What are the various components of power supply system?

5. What are the different types of power plants?

6. What are the different operating voltages used for generation, primary and

    secondary transmission in AC power supply systems in India?

7. Define feeder, distributor and service mains.

8. List the advantages of high voltage transmission.

9. State Kelvin’s law.

10. What are the limitations of Kelvin’s law?

PART-B

1. (i)Discuss various types of HVDC links. (8)

   (ii)List out the main components of a HVDC system. (8)

2. (i) Draw and explain the structure of modern power systems with typical

         voltage levels. (13)

    (ii)What is the highest voltage level available in India? (3)

3. (i). Explain the effect of high voltage on volume of copper and on efficiency. (8)

    (ii)Explain why the transmission lines are 3 phase 3-wire circuits while

         distribution lines are 3 phase 4-wire circuits. (8)

4. (i) Draw the model power system with single line representation. Show its

         essential constituent sections. (6)

     (ii) What are the AC transmission and distribution level voltages we have in

            India? (4)

     (iii) What are the different kinds of DC links? Draw relevant diagrams. (6)

5. (i)Explain why EHV transmission is preferred? What are the problems

        involved in EHV AC transmission? (8)

    (ii) With neat schematic, explain the principle of HVDC system operation. (8)

6. Explain about FACTS with neat diagram (16)

7. Explain TCSC and SVS systems (16)

8. Explain with neat diagram about STATCOM and UPFC (16)

9. (i) Compare EHVAC and HVDC transmission (8)

    (ii) Explain the applications of HVDC transmission system (8)

UNIT- II

TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

PART-A

1. Define Skin effect.

2. What is meant by proximity effect?

3. Differentiate the stranded conductor and bundled conductor.

4. List out the advantages of double circuit lines.

5. Define - Self and mutual – G.M.D.

6. What is meant by inductive interference?

7. What is transposition of conductors?

8. What is ACSR conductor?

9. What is fictitious conductor radius?

10. Define unsymmetrical and symmetrical spacing.

PART-B

1. From the fundamentals derive an expression for inductance of a single phase

    transmission system. (16)

2. Derive an expression for capacitances of a single phase transmission system

    and discuss the effect of earth on capacitance with suitable equation. (16)

3. Derive an expression for inductance

    i) Of a single-phase overhead line. (8)

   ii) A conductor is composed of seven identical copper strands

       each having a radius r. Find the self-GMD of the conductor.(8)

4. i) Derive an expression for the capacitance between conductors of a singlephase

       overhead line. (8)

    ii) Find the capacitance between the conductors of a single-phase 10 km

         long line. The diameter of each conductor is 1.213cm. The spacing

         between conductors is 1.25m. Also find the capacitance of each conductor

         neutral. (8)

5. i) Derive the expression for inductance of a two wire 1Φ transmission line (8)

   ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a 1Φ transmission line (8)

6. i)What are the advantages of bundled conductors? (4)

   ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a double circuit line for hexagonal

       spacing. (8)

   iii) Why is the concept of self GMD is not applicable for capacitance? (4)

7. i) Explain clearly the skin effect and the proximity effects when referred to

        overhead lines. (8)

   ii) Write a short note on the inductive interference between power and

        communication lines. (8)

8. i) Derive the expression for the capacitance per phase of the 3 Φ double circuit

        line flat vertical spacing with transposition. (8)

    ii) A 3 Φ overhead transmission line has its conductors arranged at the corners

        of an equilateral triangle of 2m side. Calculate the capacitance of each line

        conductor per km. Given the diameter of each conductor is 1.25cm. (8)

9. Find the capacitance per km per phase of a 3Φ line arrangement in a

    horizontal plane spaced 8 metres apart. The height of all conductors above the

    earth is 13 metres. The diameter of each conductor is 2.6 cm. the line is

    completely transposed and takes the effect of ground into account. (16)

10. Discuss the concept of GMR and GMD in the calculation of transmission line

      inductance. (16)

UNIT-III

MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES

PART-A

1. Classify overhead transmission lines.

2. Define transmission efficiency.

3. List out the methods of representation of medium transmission lines.

4. What is Ferranti effect?

5. Define regulation of power transmission line.

6. What is stringing chart? What are the uses of stringing chart?

7. Define corona. What is local corona?

8. Define sag.

9. What are the methods adopted to reduce corona?

10. What is the use of power circle diagram?

PART-B

1. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3phase, 100Km, 50 Hz

    transmission line delivering 20 MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV

    to a balanced load. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance

    0.1 Ω / Km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 metres between centres.

    Use nominal T method. (16)

2. A three phase 5 km long transmission line, having resistance of 0.5 Ω / km and

    inductance of 1.76mH/km is delivering power at 0.8 pf lagging. The receiving

    end voltage is 32kV. If the supply end voltage is 33 kV, 50 Hz, find line current,

    regulation and efficiency of the transmission line. (16)

3. Derive the expressions for sending end voltage in nominal T method and end

    Condenser method. (16)

4. i) What is an equivalent  circuit of long line? Derive expression for parameters

        of this circuit in terms of line parameters. (8)

ii) A 50Hz transmission line 300 km long total series impedance of 40+j25 Ω

    and total shunt admittance of 10-3 mho. The 220 Kv with 0.8 lagging power

    factor. Find the sending end voltage, current, power and power factor using

    nominal method. (8)

5. i) Define regulation of a transmission line and derive the approximate

       expression for the regulation of a short transmission line. (8)

    ii) What is corona loss? How do you determine this loss? (8)

6. A 220kV, 3Φ transmission line has an impedance per phase of (40+j200)Ω

    and an admittance of (0+j0.0015) mho. Determine the sending end voltage and

    sending end current when the receiving end current is 200 A at 0.95 pf lagging.

    Use nominal T method. (16)

7. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a three phase 200 km, 50Hz

    transmission line delivering 100MW at a pf of 0.8 lagging and 33kV to a balanced

    load. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 Ω/km, and 1.5cm

    outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2m between centres. Neglect leakage reactance

    and use nominal T and π methods. (16)

8. i) Explain the Ferranti effect with a phasor diagram and its causes. (6)

   ii) Explain the classification of lines based on their length of transmission. (4)

   iii) What are ABCD constants. (6)

UNIT-IV

INSULATORS AND CABLES

PART-A

1. What is the purpose of insulator?

2. What is the main purpose of armouring?

3. What is meant by efficiency of an insulator string?

4. List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.

5. Mention the advantages of the pin type insulator

6. What are the main causes for failure of insulators?

7. What are the different tests that are conducted on an insulator?

8 What are the methods for improving string efficiency?

9. Write short notes on puncture test.

10. Define impulse ratio.

PART-B

1.Discuss any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with

   suitable sketches. (16)

2. Explain any two methods of grading of cables with necessary diagrams. (16)

3. i) What are different methods to improve string efficiency of an insulator? (8)

    ii) In a 3-unit insulator, the joint to tower capacitance is 20% of the capacitance

        of each unit. By how much should the capacitance of the lowest unit be

        increased to get a string efficiency of 90%. The remaining two units are left

        unchanged. (8)

4. i)Derive the expression for insulator resistance, capacitance and electric stress

      in a single core cable. Where is the stress maximum and minimum? (8)

ii) A single core 66kv cable working on 3-phase system has a conductor

   diameter of 2cm and sheath of inside diameter 5.3cm. If two inner sheaths are

   introduced in such a way that the stress varies between the same maximum and

   minimum in the three layers find:

a) position of inner sheaths

b) voltage on the linear sheaths

c) maximum and minimum stress                                                   (8)

5. i)Draw the schematic diagram of a pin type insulator and explain its function (8)

  ii) A 3 phase overhead transmission line is being supported by three disc

      insulators. The potential across top unit (i.e. near the tower) and the middle

      unit are 8kV and 11kV respectively. Calculate,

a) The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self capacitance of each unit (4)

b) Line Voltage (2)

c) String Efficiency (2)

6. i) Describe with the neat sketch, the construction of a 3 core belted type cable.(8)

    ii) A conductor of 1cm diameter passes centrally through porcelain cylinder of

        internal diameter 2 cms and external diameter 7cms. The cylinder is

        surrounded by a tightly fitting metal sheath. The permittivity of porcelain is 5

        and the peak voltage gradient in air must not exceed 34kV/cm. Determine

        the maximum safe working voltage. (8)

7.i) What are the various properties of insulators? Also briefly explain about

       suspension type insulators. (8)

  

    ii) Calculate the most economical diameter of a single core cable to be used on

        132kV, 3 phase system. Find also the overall diameter of the insulation, if

         the peak permissible stress does not exceed 60kV/cm. also derive the formula used here.(8)

8. i) Briefly explain about various types of cables used in underground system.(8)

    ii) A string of 4 insulator units has a self capacitance equal to 4 times the pin to earth                                   

        capacitance. Calculate,

a) Voltage distribution as a % of total voltage

b) String efficiency (8)

9. i) Give any six properties of a good insulator. (4)

    ii) With a neat diagram, explain the strain and stay insulators. (4)

    iii) A cable is graded with three dielectrics of permittivities 4,3 and 2. The maximum                                         

         permissible potential gradient for all dielectrics is same and equal to 30 kV/cm. The core    

        diameter is 1.5cm and sheath diameter is 5.5cm. (8)

10.i) Explain the constructional features of one LT and HT cable (8)

    ii) Compare and contrast overhead lines and underground cables. (8)

UNIT-V

SUBSTATION GROUNDING SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

PART-A

1. What is substation? 2. What is earth resistance?

3. What are the classifications of substation according to service?

4. What are the types of transformer substations?

5. What are the factors to be considered for busbar design?

6. What is neutral grounding or neutral earthing?

7. What are the equipments used in a transformer substation?

8. What are the different types of bus bar arrangements in substations?

9. What is bus bar?

10. What are the materials mainly used in busbars?

PART-B

1. With a neat sketch explain double bus with double breaker and double bus with single        

     breaker. State their advantages and disadvantages. (16)

2. Explain the following:

(i) Neutral grounding

(ii) Resistance grounding. (16)

3. Explain about the various types of substations (16)

4. Write short notes on

i. Sub mains (4)

ii. Stepped and tapered mains (12)

5. Explain the substation bus schemes. (16)

6. Write short notes on

i. Busbar arrangement in substation (8)

ii. Grounding grids (8)

7. i) Explain the design principles of substation grounding system. (8)

    ii) Explain the equipments in a transformer substation. (8)